Photovoltaic applications are the core applications of semiconductor materials in solar cells. The photovoltaic effect is the fundamental principle of solar cell operation, which utilizes semiconductor materials to convert solar energy into electrical energy. Currently, silicon is the main component of solar cells due to its excellent semiconductor properties, stability, and durability. In addition to silicon, new semiconductor materials such as copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) are being used to manufacture efficient, stable, and low-cost solar cells. These batteries are growing rapidly in the clean energy market and have become one of the best developing areas.